Alcohol Related Deaths Increasing in the United States

An analysis of U.S. death certificate data by researchers at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), part of the National Institutes of Health, found that nearly 1 million people died from alcohol-related causes between 1999 and 2017. The number of death certificates mentioning alcohol more than doubled from 35,914 in 1999 to 72,558 in 2017, the year in which alcohol played a role in 2.6% of all deaths in the United States. The increase in alcohol-related deaths is consistent with reports of increases in alcohol consumption and alcohol-involved emergency department visits and hospitalizations during the same period. The new findings are reported online in the journal Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. “Alcohol is not a benign substance and there are many ways it can contribute to mortality,” said NIAAA Director Dr. George F. Koob. “The current findings suggest that alcohol-related deaths involving injuries, overdoses, and chronic diseases are increasing across a wide swath of the population. The report is a wakeup call to the growing threat alcohol poses to public health.”

Two illustrations of the human liver. left: a healthy liver; right: a liver showing signs of cirrhosis

 In the new study, Aaron White, Ph.D., senior scientific advisor to the NIAAA director, and colleagues analyzed data from all U.S. death certificates filed from 1999 to 2017.  A death was identified as alcohol-related if an alcohol-induced cause was listed as the underlying cause or as a contributing cause of death.  The researchers found that, in 2017, nearly half of alcohol-related deaths resulted from liver disease (31%; 22,245) or overdoses on alcohol alone or with other drugs (18%; 12,954). People aged 45-74 had the highest rates of deaths related to alcohol, but the biggest increases over time were among people age 25-34. High rates among middle-aged adults are consistent with recent reports of increases in “deaths of despair,” generally defined as deaths related to overdoses, alcohol-associated liver cirrhosis, and suicides, primarily among non-Hispanic whites. However, the authors report that, by the end of the study period, alcohol-related deaths were increasing among people in almost all age and racial and ethnic group. As with increases in alcohol consumption and related medical emergencies, rates of death involving alcohol increased more for women (85%) than men (35%) over the study period, further narrowing once large differences in alcohol use and harms between males and females. The findings come at a time of growing evidence that even one drink per day of alcohol can contribute to an increase in the risk of breast cancer for women. Women also appear to be at a greater risk than men for alcohol-related cardiovascular diseases, liver disease, alcohol use disorder, and other consequences. “Alcohol is a growing women’s health issue,” said Dr. Koob. “The rapid increase in deaths involving alcohol among women is troubling and parallels the increases in alcohol consumption among women over the past few decades.” The authors note that previous studies have shown that the role of alcohol in deaths is vastly underreported. Since the present study examined death certificates only, the actual number of alcohol-related deaths in 2017 may far exceed the 72,558 determined by the authors.     “Taken together,” said Dr. Koob, “the findings of this study and others suggests that alcohol-related harms are increasing at multiple levels – from ED visits and hospitalizations to deaths. We know that the contribution of alcohol often fails to make it onto death certificates. Better surveillance of alcohol involvement in mortality is essential in order to better understand and address the impact of alcohol on public health.” Reference: Aaron White, PhD, I-Jen P. Castle, PhD, Ralph Hingson, ScD, Patricia Powell, PhD. Using death certificates to explore changes in alcohol-related mortality in the United States, 1999–2017 Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. Published online January 8, 2020

The Difference Between Character Defects and Addiction

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The following article comes to us from our friends at the Pain News Network. It does not necessarily reflect the views of the Recovery Radio Network or it’s affiliates. We do believe though that the information is pertinent to those wishing to improve their understanding of addiction so, we publish it in the spirit of cooperation and communication.

By Dr. Lynn Webster, PNN Columnist

Rush Limbaugh was as controversial as he was politically influential. In fact, Nicole Hemmer, a research scholar at Columbia University, called Limbaugh “the man who created Donald Trump” and opined that Limbaugh created the political foundation that catapulted Trump to power.

In 2020, President Trump returned the favor by awarding Limbaugh the Medal of Freedom, our highest civilian honor, for his “decades of tireless devotion to our country.”

But the Independent points out that Limbaugh also left behind a legacy of “divisiveness, cruelty, racism, homophobia, bigotry, and sexism.” And Rolling Stonesaid the radio host “trafficked in bigotry and cruelty.”

RUSH LIMBAUGH
RUSH LIMBAUGH

It’s hard to argue with either of those statements. To me, Limbaugh was a deeply flawed human being who caused harm. But some statements about him go too far.

When Limbaugh died this week after a lengthy battle with lung cancer, Mark Frauenfelder, editor of The Magnet, tweeted: “Rush Limbaugh, the sex tourist and drug addict whose four marriages, mockery of people after their deaths, and overt racism and misogyny made him a beloved icon of American conservatism, is dead at 70.” 

That statement is troubling. Overt racism and misogyny are character flaws. Drug addiction, however, is not. It’s unfortunate to see Limbaugh’s detractors point to his well-documented problems with painkillers as moral failings. This supports my firm belief that our culture holds deeply negative views of people with addiction.  

History of Back Pain and Drug Use 

Limbaugh began abusing prescription painkillers after his spinal surgery in the 1990s. He was eventually arrested on drug charges — specifically, charges of fraud to conceal information to obtain prescriptions, also known as “doctor shopping.” In exchange for having the charges dropped, Limbaugh agreed to undergo drug treatment and pay $30,000 in court costs. He posted $3,000 bail and was released.

I wrote about Limbaugh’s prescription drug problem in my book, “Avoiding Opioid Abuse While Managing Pain.” What we knew about Limbaugh’s problem, as I said at the time, was that he abused large quantities of prescription opioids for several years; kept his abuse secret from family, friends and colleagues; entered a rehabilitation program twice, but relapsed each time; remained successful without a visible reduction in functioning while he used drugs; and was suspected of buying drugs illegally. 

What we didn’t know, and perhaps now can never ascertain, is whether Limbaugh had an addiction or an undiagnosed psychiatric disorder (although some may argue his professional conduct was evidence of a disturbed personality). We also can’t know whether his main motivation for using drugs was to control physical pain, to mask emotional pain or stress, to seek a “high,” or some combination of those reasons.  

The answers to these questions — about his history of drug abuse, mental health and motivation — would have told us whether his opioid use disorder (OUD) was treatable with better pain control or, tragically, was an incurable disease.  

Limbaugh exemplifies the type of patient most physicians face when treating serious pain conditions. Sometimes, opioids fail to provide adequate relief for them. And, increasingly, patients cannot access the opioids they need due to misguided polices and regulations.   

How Society Views Addiction 

Some people may agree with Limbaugh’s political and social views, and others may not. But conflating his drug abuse and associated illegal activities with the opinions he expressed about social issues harms people who suffer from the disease of addiction. It also makes it more difficult for people with severe pain to receive the care they deserve, whether their abuse is caused by addiction or, as is often the case, a symptom of undertreated pain. 

Many of those with addiction may not have the power or influence to bail themselves out of prison or pay tens of thousands of dollars in court costs. They may remain in prison for years and suffer the loss of their careers, reputations, homes and even their families.  

Generally, our society views people with addiction as flawed, weak and hopeless. We distance ourselves from those who have the disease, and we allow the criminal justice system to have jurisdiction over them, making it difficult or even impossible for them to receive treatment.  

We may never know why Rush Limbaugh made the choices he did. But, just as we would never think of berating him for falling victim to lung cancer, we also shouldn’t chastise him for misusing painkillers. We may have a right to judge Limbaugh’s behavior, but we cannot, in decency, judge his disease. 

Lynn R. Webster, MD, is a vice president of scientific affairs for PRA Health Sciences and consults with the pharmaceutical industry. He is author of the award-winning book The Painful Truth, and co-producer of the documentary It Hurts Until You Die. Opinions expressed here are those of the author alone and do not reflect the views or policy of PRA Health Sciences.

Do Prescription Opioids Increase Social Pain and Isolation?

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Long-term use of opioid medication may increase social isolation, anxiety and depression for chronic pain patients, according to psychiatric and pain management experts at the University of Washington School Medicine.

In an op/ed recently published in Annals of Family Medicine, Drs. Mark Sullivan and Jane Ballantyne say opioid medication numbs the physical and emotional pain of patients, but interferes with the human need for social connections.

“Their social and emotional functioning is messed up under a wet blanket of opioids,” Sullivan said in a UW Medicine press release.

Sullivan and Ballantyne are board members of Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing (PROP), an influential anti-opioid activist group. Ballantyne, who is president of PROP, was a member of the “Core Expert Group” that advised the CDC during the drafting of its controversial 2016 opioid guideline. She has retired as a professor of pain medicine at the university, while Sullivan remains active as a professor of psychiatry.

In their op/ed, Sullivan and Ballantyne say it is wrong to assume that chronic pain arises solely from tissue damage caused by trauma or disease. They cite neuroimaging studies that found emotional and physical pain are processed in the same parts of the human brain.  While prescription opioids may lessen physical pain, they interfere with the production of endorphins – opioid-like hormones that help us feel better emotionally.

“Many of the patients who use opioid medications long term for the treatment of chronic pain have both physical and social pain,” they wrote. “Rather than helping the pain for which the opioid was originally sought, persistent opioid use may be chasing the pain in a circular manner, diminishing natural rewards from normal sources of pleasure, and increasing social isolation.

“To make matters worse, the people who need and want opioids the most, and who choose to use them over the long term, tend to be those with the most complex forms of chronic pain, containing both physical and social elements. We have called this process ‘adverse selection’ because these are also the people who are also at the greatest risk for continuous or escalating opioid use, and the development of complex dependence.”

Sullivan and Ballantyne say doctors need to recognize that when patients have both physical and social pain, long-term opioid therapy is “more likely to harm than help.”

“We believe that short-term opioid therapy, lasting no more than a month or so, will and should remain a common tool in clinical practice. But long-term opioid therapy that lasts months and perhaps years should be a rare occurrence because it does not treat chronic pain well, it impairs human social and emotional function, and can lead to opioid dependence or addiction,” they wrote.

Angry and Depressed Patients

It’s not the first time Sullivan and Ballantyne have weighed in on the moods and temperament of chronic pain patients. In a 2018 interview with Pain Research Forum, for example, Ballantyne said patients often have “psychiatric comorbidities” and become “very angry” at anyone who suggests they shouldn’t be on opioids.

“I’ve never seen an angry patient who is not taking opiates. It’s people on opiates who are angry because they’re frightened, desperate, and need to stay on them. And I don’t blame them because it is very difficult to come off of opiates,” she said.

In a 2017 interview with The Atlantic, Sullivan said depression and anxiety heighten physical pain and fuel the need for opioids. “People have distress — their life is not working, they’re not sleeping, they’re not functioning,” Sullivan said, “and they want something to make all that better.”

JANE BALLANTYNE                        MARK SULLIVAN
JANE BALLANTYNE MARK SULLIVAN

In a controversial 2015 commentary they co-authored in the New England Journal of Medicine, Sullivan and Ballantyne said chronic pain patients should learn to accept pain and get on with their lives, and that relieving pain intensity should not be the primary focus of doctors. The article infuriated both patients and physicians, including dozens who left bitter comments.

Drinking linked to a decline in brain health from cradle to grave

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The evidence for the harmful effects of alcohol on brain health is compelling, but now experts have pin-pointed three key time periods in life when the effects of alcohol are likely to be at their greatest.

Writing in The BMJ today, researchers in Australia and the UK say evidence suggests three periods of dynamic brain changes that may be particularly sensitive to the harmful effects of alcohol: gestation (from conception to birth), later adolescence (15-19 years), and older adulthood (over 65 years).

They warn that these key periods “could increase sensitivity to the effects of environmental exposures such as alcohol” and say harm prevention policies “must take the long view.”

Globally, around 10% of pregnant women consume alcohol, with the rates considerably higher in European countries than the global average, they write.

Heavy alcohol use during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, associated with widespread reductions in brain volume and cognitive impairment. But data suggest that even low or moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy is significantly associated with poorer psychological and behavioural outcomes in offspring.

In terms of adolescence, more than 20% of 15-19 year olds in European and other high income countries report at least occasional binge drinking (defined as 60 g of ethanol on a single occasion), they add.

Studies indicate that the transition to binge drinking in adolescence is associated with reduced brain volume, poorer white matter development (critical for efficient brain functioning), and small to moderate deficits in a range of cognitive functions.

And in older people, alcohol use disorders were recently shown to be one of the strongest modifiable risk factors for all types of dementia (particularly early onset) compared with other established risk factors such as high blood pressure and smoking.

Although alcohol use disorders are relatively rare in older adults, the authors point out that even moderate drinking has been shown to be linked to a small but significant loss of brain volume in midlife, although further studies are needed to test whether these structural changes translate into functional impairment.

Furthermore, demographic trends may compound the effect of alcohol use on brain health, they write. For example, women are now just as likely as men to drink alcohol and experience alcohol related harms, and global consumption is forecast to rise further in the next decade.

The effects of the covid-19 pandemic on alcohol use and related harms are unclear, but alcohol use increased in the long term after other major public health crises, they add.

As such, they call for an integrated approach to harm reduction at all ages.

“Population based interventions such as guidelines on low risk drinking, alcohol pricing policies, and lower drink driving limits need to be accompanied by the development of training and care pathways that consider the human brain at risk throughout life,” they conclude.

‘Diseases of despair’ have soared over past decade in US

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‘Diseases of despair’, such as substance abuse, alcohol dependency, and suicidal thoughts and behaviours, have soared in the US over the past decade, reveals an analysis of health insurance claims data published in the online journal BMJ Open.

And they now affect all ages, with suicidal thoughts and behaviours among the under 18s rocketing by 287% between 2009 and 2018, and by 210% among 18-34 year olds, the analysis shows.

Between 2015 and 2017, life expectancy fell year on year in the USA, the longest sustained decline since 1915-18. And deaths among middle-aged white non-Hispanic men and women rose sharply between 1999 and 2015.

These premature deaths are largely attributable to accidental overdose, alcohol-related disease, and suicide.

Such ‘deaths of despair’ have coincided with decades of economic decline for workers, particularly those with low levels of educational attainment; loss of social safety nets; and stagnant or falling wages and family incomes in the US, all of which are thought to have contributed to growing feelings of despair.

Despair may in turn trigger emotional, behavioural and even biological changes, increasing the likelihood of diseases that can progress and ultimately culminate in deaths of despair, say the researchers.

To characterise trends in diseases of despair over the past decade and identify associated demographic risk factors, they drew on detailed claims data extracted from Highmark, a large US-based health insurance company.

Highmark members are concentrated in states that have been disproportionately affected by deaths of despair: Pennsylvania; West Virginia; and Delaware.

In all, the researchers analysed information for 12 million people enrolled in a Highmark health insurance plan between 2007 and 2018, and who had valid details on file.

Diseases of despair were defined as diagnoses related to alcohol dependency, substance misuse, and suicidal thoughts/behaviours, and analysed among the following age groups: under the age of 12 months; 1-17 year olds; 18-34 year olds; 35-54 year olds; 55-75 year olds; and those aged 75+.

Overall, 1 in 20 (515,830; just over 4%) of those insured were diagnosed with at least one disease of despair at some point during the monitoring period. Some 58.5% were male, with an average age of 36.

Of these, over half (54%) were diagnosed with an alcohol-related disorder; just over 44% with a substance related disorder; and just over 16% with suicidal thoughts/behaviours. Just under 13% were diagnosed with more than one type of disease of despair.

Between 2009 and 2018, the rate of diseases of despair diagnoses increased by 68%. The rate of alcohol-related, substance-related, and suicide-related diagnoses rose by 37%, 94%, and 170%, respectively.

The largest increase in alcohol and substance-related diagnoses was seen among 55-74 year olds: 59% and 172%, respectively.

Among infants, substance-related diagnoses, which were attributable to neonatal abstinence syndrome linked to maternal drug abuse — for example opioid addiction — rose by 114%.

While the absolute numbers of suicide-related diagnoses were lower than for other types of diseases of despair, the relative increases were large. Among 1-17 year olds, the rate increased by 287%, and by 210% among 18-34 year olds. A relative increase of at least 70% occurred in all other age groups.

Diseases of despair diagnoses were associated with significantly higher scores for coexisting conditions, higher rates of anxiety and mood disorders, and schizophrenia for both men and women across all age groups.

The researchers acknowledge that it wasn’t possible to find out about potentially influential social determinants of health from the claims data, added to which, given that an estimated 87 million working adults in the US are uninsured or underinsured, it is hard to gauge the true scope of the diseases of despair, they say.

Nevertheless, they urge: “While the opioid crisis remains a top public health priority, parallel rises in alcohol-related diagnoses and suicidality must be concurrently addressed.”

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Materials provided by BMJNote: Content may be edited for style and length.

Fentanyl and Heroin Use Rise During Pandemic

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The use of illicit fentanyl and heroin rose dramatically during the first two months of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a large new study by Quest Diagnostics. Misuse of hydrocodone, morphine and some other opioid medications also increased.

The study adds to growing signs that Americans are turning to potent illicit drugs to cope with the stress and economic disruption caused by the pandemic.

“It’s the social isolation, the depression, the anxiety, stress, job loss, the loss of health insurance and the election. All these things that add stress to our lives are driving people to increase use of alcohol at home and, in the case of this study, drug misuse,” said co-author Harvey Kaufman, MD, Senior Medical Director for Quest Diagnostics. 

Kaufman and his colleagues analyzed data from over 872,000 urine drug tests, comparing samples taken before the pandemic to those taken from March 15 to May 14, 2020. The urine samples came largely from people undergoing substance abuse treatment or were prescribed opioids and other controlled substances, and are not representative of the population at large.

Interestingly, while the rate of drug misuse remained largely the same before and during the pandemic – about 49 percent – there were notable shifts in the type of drugs being misused.

Drug positivity rates increased by 44% for heroin and 35% for non-prescribed fentanyl, a synthetic opioid that is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. Positivity rates for non-prescribed opiate medication (hydrocodone, hydromorphone, codeine and morphine) rose by 10 percent. There were no significant changes in the misuse of oxycodone and tramadol. 

Fentanyl was frequently found in urine samples that tested positive for amphetamines (89%), benzodiazepines (48%), cocaine (34%), and opiates (39%). The abuse of multiple substances in combination with fentanyl has been a growing problem for years, but Quest researchers were surprised by how much it has accelerated.

“It’s shocking that something could move that quickly. It’s been well underway for half a dozen years, but the pandemic supercharged it,” Kaufman told PNN.

Gabapentin Misuse

One surprising detail in the Quest study is that the nerve drug gabapentin (Neurontin) is being misused more often than any other prescription drug. Non-prescribed gabapentin was found in nearly 11% of urine samples — second only to marijuana — in the first two months of the pandemic. While that’s down from pre-pandemic levels, it adds to a growing body of evidence that

The use of illicit fentanyl and heroin rose dramatically during the first two months of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a large new study by Quest Diagnostics. Misuse of hydrocodone, morphine and some other opioid medications also increased.

The study adds to growing signs that Americans are turning to potent illicit drugs to cope with the stress and economic disruption caused by the pandemic.

“It’s the social isolation, the depression, the anxiety, stress, job loss, the loss of health insurance and the election. All these things that add stress to our lives are driving people to increase use of alcohol at home and, in the case of this study, drug misuse,” said co-author Harvey Kaufman, MD, Senior Medical Director for Quest Diagnostics.

Kaufman and his colleagues analyzed data from over 872,000 urine drug tests, comparing samples taken before the pandemic to those taken from March 15 to May 14, 2020. The urine samples came largely from people undergoing substance abuse treatment or were prescribed opioids and other controlled substances, and are not representative of the population at large.

Interestingly, while the rate of drug misuse remained largely the same before and during the pandemic – about 49 percent – there were notable shifts in the type of drugs being misused.

Drug positivity rates increased by 44% for heroin and 35% for non-prescribed fentanyl, a synthetic opioid that is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. Positivity rates for non-prescribed opiate medication (hydrocodone, hydromorphone, codeine and morphine) rose by 10 percent. There were no significant changes in the misuse of oxycodone and tramadol.

Fentanyl was frequently found in urine samples that tested positive for amphetamines (89%), benzodiazepines (48%), cocaine (34%), and opiates (39%). The abuse of multiple substances in combination with fentanyl has been a growing problem for years, but Quest researchers were surprised by how much it has accelerated.

“It’s shocking that something could move that quickly. It’s been well underway for half a dozen years, but the pandemic supercharged it,” Kaufman told PNN.

Gabapentin Misuse
One surprising detail in the Quest study is that the nerve drug gabapentin (Neurontin) is being misused more often than any other prescription drug. Non-prescribed gabapentin was found in nearly 11% of urine samples — second only to marijuana — in the first two months of the pandemic. While that’s down from pre-pandemic levels, it adds to a growing body of evidence that gabapentin is being overprescribed and abused.


Gabapentin was originally developed as an anti-convulsant, but it has been repurposed to treat chronic pain and is often prescribed off-label as an alternative to opioids. When taken as prescribed, there is little potential for gabapentin to be misused. However, when taken with muscle relaxants, opioids or anxiety medications, gabapentin can produce a feeling of euphoria or high.

A likely factor in the decline in gabapentin misuse during the pandemic is a drop in physician visits. Fewer visits mean fewer prescriptions, and gabapentin may have become less available for diversion.

Just as stay-at-home orders forced many patients to cancel or postpone healthcare appointments, it also led a significant decline in drug testing. Orders for lab tests by Quest dropped by as much as 70% in the first few weeks of the pandemic. They have since rebounded, but are still well below pre-pandemic levels.

“COVID-19 interrupted non-essential patient care, but it hasn’t stopped drug misuse,” co-author Jeffrey Gudin, MD, Senior Medical Advisor to Quest, said in a statement. “Given the psychological, social, and financial impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, more efforts are needed to ensure that patients are taking medications as prescribed. While the nation focuses on the pandemic, we must not lose sight of the ongoing drug misuse epidemic, which continues to kill upwards of 70,000 Americans each year.”

“COVID-19 interrupted non-essential patient care, but it hasn’t stopped drug misuse,” co-author Jeffrey Gudin, MD, Senior Medical Advisor to Quest, said in a statement. “Given the psychological, social, and financial impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, more efforts are needed to ensure that patients are taking medications as prescribed. While the nation focuses on the pandemic, we must not lose sight of the ongoing drug misuse epidemic, which continues to kill upwards of 70,000 Americans each year.” 

After briefly declining in 2018, drug overdoses began rising again in 2019. According to one preliminary study, drug overdoses are up about 17 percent so far this year. Story courtesy of the Pain News Network

SOURCE: QUEST DIAGNOSTICS

After briefly declining in 2018, drug overdoses began rising again in 2019. According to one preliminary study, drug overdoses are up about 17 percent so far this year.